1989 – 1993: Southern California Psychoanalytic Institute: Ph.D in Psychoanalysis

1991 – 1992: Institute of Contemporary Psychoanalysis: Psy.D.

1979 – 1984: University of California, Berkeley: Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology

1976 – 1978: California State University, Northridge: M.A. in Community/Clinical Psychology

1969 – 1972: Tel Aviv University, Israel: B.A. in English and American Literature